24^th World Congress on Diabetes and Endocrine Disorders August 10-11, 2022 London, UK

Generally, diabetes types 1, 2 and gestational diabetes are briefly explained here. Type 1 Diabetes is also known as an autoimmune disorder. In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells of the pancreas, supplying our body with insulin. Also, the damage is life long and cannot be elucidated. This may attack through environmental reasons and genetic. Type 2 diabetes begins with insulin resistance. This means that your body cannot use insulin effectively. This will stimulate your pancreas to generate more insulin until it cannot keep up with the demand. Insulin production is reduced, leading to high blood sugar. Unexplained inferior due to type 1 diabetes:

• Being overweight
• Sedentary life
• Genetics

Gestational diabetes (GDM)

Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and is associated with maternal and fatal complications. Gestational diabetes occurs because the body does not produce enough insulin to get pregnant. As a result, glucose accumulates in the blood at high levels, leading to hyperglycaemia. Gestational diabetes occurs late in pregnancy and the baby's body is designed not to cause birth defects.

• Birth Trauma
• Premature  Birth
• Polyhydramnios
• Macrosomia

Diabetes (DM) is a major public health problem determined by the disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, protein, and fat caused by unstable insulin. When the global diabetes prevalence in 2014 was 8.5%; different estimates suggest the number of affected people From 422 million to 642 million the world up to 2040. DM and its complications are one of the leading causes of death.

Genetics plays a major role in the likelihood of developing both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Other factors are environment and lifestyle. Diabetes is a new chronic disease affecting millions of people in the UK alone. Type 2 diabetes is partially inherited. 4,444 First-time relatives of people with type 2 diabetes are more likely to develop the disease than people without type 2 diabetes in their families. Therefore, Type 2 has a strong genetic component. The risk of developing diabetes depends on whether your parents or siblings have diabetes. The chances of developing type 1 or type 2 Diabetes vary, as shown below.

Type 1 diabetes and genetics

• A diabetic mother increases the risk of diabetes by 2%
• Another diabetic mother increases the risk of diabetes by 8%
• Both diabetic parents increase risk by 30%
• Diabetic brothers or sisters increase risk by 10%
• Diabetic identical twins increase risk by 40%

Type 2 Diabetes and Genetics-Average Risk

• Diabetes in the father's mother increases the risk of diabetes by 15%
• If both mother and father have diabetes, the risk is increased by 75%
• If identical twins have diabetes, the risk is increased by 90%

Gestational diabetes was first diagnosed during pregnancy. In most other types of diabetes, gestational diabetes affects the way cells use sugar. Treatment of diabetes can lead to hyperglycaemia, which can affect pregnancy and the health of the baby. There are concerns about pregnancy complications, but the good news is. However, if you have gestational diabetes, you are at increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Changes in blood sugar should be tested more often.

• Lack of physical activity
• Diabetes of relatives
• Previously gave birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more
• Overweight and obesity.

Diabetic neuropathy is a nerve injury caused by diabetes. Nerves are a bundle of special tissues that carry signals between the brain and other parts of the body. Types of diabetic neuropathy Includes the following:

• Peripheral neuropathy
• Autonomic neuropathy
• Focal neuropathies
• Proximal neuropathy

Peripheral Neuropathy: Peripheral neuropathy, a result of damage to the nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves), often causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet. It can also affect other areas and body functions including digestion, urination and circulation.

Autonomic Neuropathy: Autonomic neuropathy is damage to the nerves that control the internal organs. Autonomic dysfunction can cause problems with heart rate and blood pressure, digestive system, bladder, genital system, sweat glands, eyes, and ability to detect hypoglycemia.

Focal Neuropathies: Focal neuropathy is a disorder that usually damages a single nerve in the hands, head, upper body, or legs. This type of nerve injury is less common than peripheral or autonomic neuropathy. Many different localized neuropathies can affect diabetics.

Proximal Neuropathy: Proximal neuropathy is a rare and debilitating type of nerve injury in the hip, buttocks, or thighs. This type of nerve injury usually affects one side of the body and rarely spreads to the other side. Proximal neuropathy often causes severe pain and can lead to significant weight loss

Diabetes is becoming one of the most common health problems among the elderly. The global prevalence of diabetes in people over the age of 65 was 123 million in 2017 and is expected to double by 2045. Elderly patients with diabetes are at increased risk of common senile syndrome, including frailty, cognitive impairment and dementia, urinary incontinence, traumatic falls and fractures, disorders, and polypharmacy side effects, which have important impacts on quality of life. With all these factors, clinical management of type 2 diabetes in older patients is now a real challenge for physicians, and in fact, the optimal glycaemic goals that older diabetic patients can achieve are still controversial. The American Diabetes Association has proposed a 6.5% HbA1c target for patients with serious illness and high risk of hypoglycaemia. In contrast, for older patients, the American College of Physicians (ACP) suggests a more conservative goal (HbA1c levels 7-8%) and weaker medications when HbA1C levels are 6.5%. I am. Glycaemic target management and anti-hyperglycaemic treatment need to be personalized based on medical history and comorbidities, and drugs with a low risk of hypoglycaemia are preferred.

Pediatric endocrinology is a division of medicine and biology that generally includes endocrine gland disorders, mutations that affect the physical or sexual development of children, diabetes, and many other disorders. The most common disease in particular is Type 1 Diabetes, which usually accounts for at least 50% of typical clinical practice.

• Psychological hypoglycaemia
• Adolescent gynaecology

Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine Tumor (GI NET) is also known as a carcinoid Tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. They are a rare type of cancer that can occur in different parts of the digestive system called the GI system. The gastrointestinal system includes the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. GI NET is different from other cancers of the gastrointestinal tract because it is formed by cells of the neuroendocrine system. Neuroendocrine cells are part of your body's normal "control system." When the brain and nervous system send messages, neuroendocrine cells release hormones and other chemical mediators that control physical functions such as digestion, reproduction, airflow to the lungs, and response to stress and injury. Most GI NETs are small and can be difficult to find. Sometimes they are found in other procedures, such as B. during colonoscopy or surgery for other diseases.

Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes also known as diabetic Nephropathy. In the United States, about one in three people with diabetes has diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy affects the ability of the kidneys to do their normal job of removing waste products and excess water from the body. The best way to prevent or delay diabetic nephropathy is to maintain a healthy lifestyle and properly treat diabetes and high blood pressure. Over the years, the disease slowly damages the delicate filter system of the kidneys. Early treatment can prevent or slow the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of complications. Kidney disease can cause kidney failure, also known as end-stage kidney disease. Kidney failure is a life-threatening condition. Treatment options at this stage are dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Diabetes causes nerve damage to the urinary tract and can cause bladder problems. Overweight and obesity can also cause bladder problems such as urinary incontinence (UI). Treatment of diabetes is an important part of avoiding complications that can lead to excessive urination. Diabetes can cause retrograde ejaculation, and poor glycaemic control over a long period of time causes bladder neuropathy. Retrograde ejaculation can occur in diabetic men as a result of diabetic autonomic neuropathy (nerve injury). Even if you have diabetes, you may be able to overcome ED by living a lifestyle that includes good sleep, non-smokers, and stress relief. ED drugs are usually well tolerated and can be used to overcome ED problems over the years. The most common type of sexual problem in men is erectile dysfunction (also known as impotence). This is when you cannot get or maintain an erection. The first sign may be when you start losing your morning erection. Men with diabetes are three times more likely to expect difficulty in obtaining or maintaining an erection.

When defined as the phenotype of type 2 diabetes in combination with adult latent autoimmune diabetes islet antibody, the prevalence of LADA is approximately 10% of diabetic patients aged 40-75 years (16). Similar prevalence is found in non-insulin-dependent patients aged 35 years and older who have been diagnosed with phenotypic type 2 diabetes (17). Mortality from all causes was improved by 50% in LADA patients compared to non-diabetic patients, consistent with the results observed across the group of adult autoimmune diabetes. In addition, we show that the additional risk of death applies to deaths from men and women, especially from IHD. The reason for LADA is the proliferation of autoantibodies to pancreatic cells, insulin, or enzymes involved in the role of the pancreas. Antibodies that affect the pancreas and its function can affect the body's response to blood sugar levels.

Just as smoking increases the risk of lung cancer, overweight significantly increases the risk of stroke. Excessive body fat is prone to inflammation and can be the two main causes of stroke: poor circulation and obstruction. The risk factors for stroke are:

• Heart and blood vessel disease
• High blood pressure
• Smoking
• Diabetes
• Brain aneurysms or Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)

Sex steroid hormones are associated with the metabolism, accumulation, and distribution of adipose tissue. Recent studies have shown that the presence of progesterone, estrogenic, and androgen receptors in adipose tissue has a direct effect. Sex steroid hormones act in adipose tissue through non-genome and genomic mechanisms.

• Metabolic role of steroid hormones in obesity
• Steroid hormones in our diet and obesity
• Obesity and corticosteroids

In this study, we used autologous hematopoietic stem cells. They are the same as cord blood stem cells. Understanding how the results of this study can help people who store cord blood at birth because type 1 diabetes (also known as juvenile diabetes) is an autoimmune disorder that appears early in life. It's easy to do. Cord blood is an excellent blood type.

• Diabetes treatment
• Stem cell therapy
• Type 1 diabetes beta cells
• Stem cells and diabetes
• Stem cell therapy

Diabetic ophthalmology is a diabetic eye disease. Diabetic eye disease is a group of eye problems that can affect diabetics. These situations include diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular enema, cataracts, and glaucoma. Over time, diabetes can hurt your eyes, which can lead to very poor eyesight and even blindness. However, there are steps that can be taken to prevent or prevent diabetic eye disease from being exacerbated by the treatment of diabetes. Here are some of the best ways to manage diabetes and keep your eyes healthy:

• Manage blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels. This is sometimes called ABC for diabetes.
• If you smoke, please help quit smoking
• Have an eye extension test once a year

Instead, limit sugar and choose complex carbohydrates such as vegetables, oatmeal, and whole grains. If you are currently using cigarettes, quit smoking. Smoking can contribute to insulin resistance and can lead to type 2 Diabetes. There is no cure for type 2 Diabetes, but studies show that some people can get it back. Diet and weight loss may help achieve and maintain normal blood sugar levels without medication. This does not mean that you are completely healed. If you have this type of diabetes, the foods you eat are low glycaemic load (fiber, protein, or fatty foods) such as vegetables and high quality proteins such as fish, chicken, and bean lenses. Natural remedies for diabetes:

• Apple cider vinegar
• Fiber and barley
• Chromium
• Zinc
• Aloe Vera
• Cinnamon
• Fenugreek

Improper administration is extremely dangerous and requires close monitoring and extensive patient education for this treatment. For example, if you want to reduce your food intake, it is advisable to reduce your insulin. Previously acceptable doses can be too high if food intake is consumed and cause a hypoglycaemic response if not reasonably adjusted. Daily exercise can reduce the need for insulin. Exercise increases glucose intake by somatic cells, which is composed of insulin and vice versa. In addition, there are different types of insulin that have different durations and durations of action.

• Insulin that works correctly
• Fast-acting insulin analogs
• Intermediate insulin
• Long-acting insulin.

As awareness and information about preventative measures for fatal illnesses such as diabetes grow, consumers are choosing the right foods and medicines. You can significantly improve your health by making small changes to your diet while enjoying your favourite foods and eating. A diabetic diet is a simple, healthy diet that is high in nutrients, low in fat, and low in calories. Due to consumers' interest in a healthy diet and diabetes prevention and related risk factors, manufacturers are now keen to introduce new low-calorie foods that contain sugar alternatives and are low in oil.

• Low carb diet
• Essential micronutrients
• Read food labelling
• Food to avoid
• Diet for weight loss

The need for frequent blood glucose tests is a major but sometimes unpleasant factor in the lives of diabetics. By testing your blood sugar, you can make better decisions about what to eat, how much exercise to do, and how much insulin you need. CGM (Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring) helps avoid needles. A small sensor located under the skin of your stomach or arms measures your blood sugar every few minutes.

• Advanced Discovery of Type 1 Diabetes and New Treatments
• The latest research and treatment for type 2 diabetes
• New therapeutic mechanism for diabetes
• Research on new treatments
• Other brand new medical technologies used in hospitals.

There are seven devices that most commonly used for monitoring the Blood Glucose Level

• D-Base
• Eversense
• Gluco Track
• Gluco Wise
• NovioSense
• Occuity Indigo
• SugarBEAT

Adults with diabetes require at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity each week. In addition, experts recommend resistance and strength training at least twice a week. Use exercise to fight diabetes. Exercise delays the onset of type 2 diabetes. In addition, it can improve diabetes control. If you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, take action. Physical activity: Increases heart rate. Movement also allows blood to flow to all organs, especially the brain, eyes and kidneys. Reduces stress and stress increases the risk of diabetes. In addition, stress makes it difficult for diabetics to control their condition.

Lipid disorders are a group of diseases in which the levels of fatty substances in the blood are too high. These fatty substances include cholesterol and triglycerides. Too much bad cholesterol increases your risk of heart disease and stroke. Paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine Tumor that can appear in different parts of the body, including the head, neck, chest, and abdomen. About 97% are benign and can be cured by surgical resection. The remaining 3% are malignant tumors because they can cause distant metastases. "Paraganglionoma" is currently the most commonly used term for these lesions. Collectively, they are called glomerular tumors, chemical skin tumors, peripheral skin tumors, fibro vascular tumors and congenital nevus. Bone fuel disorders are usually caused by abnormalities in minerals (such as calcium and phosphorus (P)), vitamin D, bone mass, or bone structure. The most common bone metabolism disorder is osteoporosis.

Lifestyles changes help prevent the development of type 2 diabetes, the most common form of the disease. Prevention is especially important if you are currently at high risk for type 2 Diabetes due to overweight, obesity, high cholesterol, or a family history of diabetes. Lifestyle changes can prevent or delay the onset of the disease. By changing your lifestyle now, you can avoid serious health complications of diabetes like nerve, kidney and heart damage in the future. It's never too late to get started.

• Lose extra weight
• Become more physically active
• Eat healthy plant-based foods
• Eat healthy fats
• Skip the fashion diet and make healthier choices